Bringing the Supermarket to the Apocalypse Chapter 414: Energy (1)

The moon, the moon, and the moon in apocalypse are generated from the underground world according to Fan Bin. apocalypse ’s de-moon has a very important position in this world. From Lin Feng, it is found that the energy component of the moon is capable of storing energy and reflection. After the energy particle material is composed, Lin Feng knows that there may be other secrets in this world. These secrets can help Lin Feng enhance its own energy.

Energy is a measure of the degree to which the spatial and temporal distribution of mass may vary, and is used to characterize the physical system ’s ability to do work. Both apocalypse and the original world have proved that there is a mutual conversion relationship between matter and energy.

Energy exists in many different forms; according to the different movement forms of matter, energy can be divided into mechanical energy, chemical energy, thermal energy, electrical energy, radiant energy, nuclear energy, light energy, tidal energy, etc. These different forms of energy can be transformed into each other through physical effects or chemical reactions. Various fields also have energy.

According to the various movement forms of matter, energy also has various forms, and they can be converted into each other in a certain way.

In the thermal phenomenon, it is the internal energy of the system. It is the sum of the kinetic energy of the random movement of molecules in the system, the potential energy of the interaction between molecules, and the energy in the atoms and nuclei. .

The spatial attribute is the extensive manifestation of the material movement; the time attribute is the continuous manifestation of the material movement; the gravitational attribute is the manifestation of the interaction caused by the uneven mass distribution of the substance in the movement process; the electromagnetic attribute is the charged particle in motion And external performance in the process of change, etc. There are various forms of movement of matter, and there is a corresponding energy form for each specific form of movement of matter.

The form of energy corresponding to the mechanical motion of macroscopic objects is kinetic energy; the form of energy corresponding to molecular motion is thermal energy; the form of energy corresponding to atomic motion is chemical energy; the form of energy corresponding to the directional motion of charged particle is electrical energy; the form of energy corresponding to photon motion is The energy form is light energy, and so on. In addition to these, there are wind energy, tidal energy and so on. When the movement forms are the same, the movement characteristics of an object can be described by certain physical or chemical quantities. The mechanical motion of an object can be described by physical quantities such as speed, acceleration, momentum, etc .; the current can be described by physical quantities such as current intensity, voltage, power, etc. However, if the movement forms are not the same, the only physical properties of matter that can be described to each other and the physical quantity of relatively is energy, and energy is the common characteristic of all moving matter.

Energy can be stored in a system without being expressed as matter, kinetic energy or electromagnetic energy. When particle moves a distance in a field with which it interacts (needs to be moved by an external force), the energy required for the particle to move to a new location in this field is stored. Of course, particle must be maintained in a new position by external force, otherwise the field where it is located will return particle to its original state by pushing or pulling. This energy stored by changing the position of the particle in the force field is called potential energy (potential energy). A simple example is that the work required to lift an object up to a certain height in the gravity field is potential energy (potential energy).

Any form of energy can be converted into another form. For example, when an object moves freely to different positions in the force field, potential energy can be converted into kinetic energy. When the energy is in the form of non-thermal energy, it can be converted into other types of energy with high or even perfect conversion efficiency, including the generation of electricity or new substances particle. However, if it is thermal energy, when it is converted into another form, as described by the second law of thermodynamics, there will always be limitations on the conversion efficiency.

In the process of all energy conversion, the total energy remains unchanged, because the energy of the total system is the energy transfer between the systems. When energy is lost from one system, another system will surely get this The lost energy leads to a balance between loss and gain, so the total energy does not change.

Although the total energy of a system will not change with time, the value of its energy may be different due to the reference frame. For example, a passenger sitting in an airplane has zero kinetic energy with respect to the airplane; but with respect to the earth, the kinetic energy is not zero, nor can it be related to the earth with a separate momentum relatively.

According to the kinetic energy theorem, if a moving object is hindered and decelerates until it stops, the object will do work on the obstacle. The amount of work done is equal to the original kinetic energy of the object. Therefore, it can be said that kinetic energy is the function of an object due to its movement. For example, a high-speed flying bullet has kinetic energy, so it hits a steel plate and can work on the steel wrench to penetrate; the hammer hitting the forging has kinetic energy, so it can work on the forging and deform it.

Energy released or absorbed when a substance undergoes a chemical change (chemical reaction). Its essence is the change of the outer electrons of the atoms, resulting in the energy released by the change of the electron binding energy. Positive and negative electrons are annihilated into photons, that is, the static energy of electrons is converted into photon energy.

The kinetic energy of the thermal movement of atoms and molecules within a substance. The higher the temperature, the greater the thermal energy contained in the substance. The heat engine is the expansion of water vapor to transform its heat energy into the kinetic energy of the heat engine.

The binding energy of nuclear nuclei, which can be released into the kinetic energy of the reaction product during nuclear fission or fusion reactions. Therefore, the object also has energy when it is stationary. The energy and mass of matter are closely related. The mass of an atomic nucleus is smaller than the total mass of the nucleons that make up it. That is, when free nuclei are combined into an atomic nucleus, energy is released. This energy is called the binding energy of the nucleus. A heavy nucleus with a lower binding energy (average binding energy per nucleus in an atomic nucleus) splits into a lighter nucleus with a higher binding energy, or several light nucleuses with a lower binding energy are aggregated into a heavier nucleus with a higher binding energy The energy released is atomic energy.

According to a large number of experiments, people have confirmed the law of conservation of energy, that is, when different forms of energy are converted between each other, their magnitude is conserved. The Joule thermal work equivalent experiment is a well-known experiment to confirm the law of conservation of energy early, and then established the first law of thermodynamics of energy conversion and conservation in the macro field. The Compton effect confirmed that the law of conservation of energy is still correct in the micro world, and then gradually realized that the law of conservation of energy is determined by the invariance of time translation, thus making it a universal law in physics (see symmetry and conservation laws). In a closed mechanical system, if there is no conversion between mechanical energy and other forms of energy, the mechanical energy is conserved. The law of conservation of mechanical energy is a special case of the law of conservation of energy.